Cellular and Molecular Players in the Tumor Microenvironment of Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Francesco LasorsaMonica RutiglianoMartina MilellaMatteo FerroSavio Domenico PandolfoFelice CrocettoOctavian Sabin TătaruRiccardo AutorinoMichele BattagliaPasquale DitonnoGiuseppe LucarelliPublished in: Journal of clinical medicine (2023)
Globally, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) represents the most prevalent type of kidney cancer. Surgery plays a key role in the treatment of this cancer, although one third of patients are diagnosed with metastatic ccRCC and about 25% of patients will develop a recurrence after nephrectomy with curative intent. Molecular-target-based agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), are recommended for advanced cancers. In addition to cancer cells, the tumor microenvironment (TME) includes non-malignant cell types embedded in an altered extracellular matrix (ECM). The evidence confirms that interactions among cancer cells and TME elements exist and are thought to play crucial roles in the development of cancer, making them promising therapeutic targets. In the TME, an unfavorable pH, waste product accumulation, and competition for nutrients between cancer and immune cells may be regarded as further possible mechanisms of immune escape. To enhance immunotherapies and reduce resistance, it is crucial first to understand how the immune cells work and interact with cancer and other cancer-associated cells in such a complex tumor microenvironment.
Keyphrases
- papillary thyroid
- squamous cell
- extracellular matrix
- end stage renal disease
- newly diagnosed
- lymph node metastasis
- prognostic factors
- chronic kidney disease
- small cell lung cancer
- induced apoptosis
- coronary artery disease
- acute coronary syndrome
- rectal cancer
- cell death
- signaling pathway
- atrial fibrillation
- smoking cessation
- replacement therapy
- patient reported
- combination therapy