Cancer-cell-membrane-camouflaged supramolecular self-assembly of antisense oligonucleotide and chemodrug for targeted combination therapy.

The anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are critical regulators of cell death that are overexpressed in many cancer cells, especially in multi-drug resistant cancer cells. Combinatorial gene- and chemotherapies using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to suppress the expression of Bcl-2-family mRNA and restore the sensitivity of the cell to chemodrugs provide a promising pathway for anticancer treatment. However, intrinsic differences between macromolecular ASOs and small molecular chemodrugs make their co-delivery challenging. Moreover, extraneous carriers may induce immunogenicity and inflammation problems. Herein, we develop a targeted nanodrug delivery system using the cationic amphiphilic chemodrug mitoxantrone (Mito), which interacts with Bcl-2 ASO through electrostatic interaction and self-assembles into nanoparticles (NP [Bcl-2/Mito] ), whose size can be controlled by regulating the ratio of ASO and Mito. NP [Bcl-2/Mito] can protect the ASO from degradation during delivery and combine gene- and chemotherapies to improve the anticancer effect. Furthermore, cancer cell membranes (CCMs) derived from homologous tumors were used to camouflage NP [Bcl-2/Mito] (NP [Bcl-2/Mito] @CCM) to achieve immune escape and tumor targeting. Both in vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrate the excellent performance of NP [Bcl-2/Mito] @CCM for drug-resistant breast tumor therapy. This CCM-camouflaged ASO/chemodrug nanoplatform provides a promising pathway for the targeted delivery of ASOs and chemodrugs for tumor combination therapy.