Freestanding Bipolar Membranes with an Electrospun Junction for High Current Density Water Splitting.

Freestanding bipolar membranes (BPMs) with an extended-area water splitting junction were fabricated utilizing electrospinning. The junction layer was composed of a mixed fiber mat that was made by concurrently electrospinning sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and quaternized poly(phenylene oxide) (QPPO), with water splitting catalyst nanoparticles intermittently deposited between the fibers. The mat was sandwiched between solution cast SPEEK and QPPO films and hot-pressed to form a dense trilayer BPM with an extended-area junction of finite thickness, composed of QPPO nanofibers embedded in a SPEEK matrix with the catalyst nanoparticles interspaced between the two polymers. The composition, ion-exchange capacity, and catalyst type/loading in the junction were varied, and the water splitting characteristics of the membranes were assessed. The best BPMs fabricated in this work employed a graphene oxide catalyst and exhibited a low trans-membrane voltage drop of about 0.82 V at 1000 mA/cm 2 in water splitting experiments with 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 and stable water splitting operation for 60 h at 800 mA/cm 2 .