Analysis of Hazardous Elements in Children Toys: Multi-Elemental Determination by Chromatography and Spectrometry Methods.
Katarzyna KaraśMarcin FrankowskiPublished in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) (2018)
This paper presents the results of determination of hazardous metal (Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and metalloid (As, Sb) levels in toys available in the Polish market. Two independent sample preparation methods were used to determine the concentration and content of the metals and metalloids. The first one is defined by the guidelines of the EN-71 standard and undertook extraction in 0.07 mol/L HCl. This method was used to conduct speciation analysis of Cr(III) and Cr(VI), as well as for the determination of selected metals and metalloids. The second method conducted mineralization in a HNO₃ and H₂O₂ mixture using microwave energy to determine the content of metals and metalloids. Determination of chromium forms was made using the high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) method, while those of metals and metalloids were made using the ICP-MS technique. Additionally, in order to determine total content of chromium in toys, an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (EDX) was used. The results of the analyses showed that Cr(VI) was not detected in the toys. In general, the content of heavy metals and metalloids in the studied samples was below the migration limit set by the norm EN-71.
Keyphrases
- solid phase extraction
- high performance liquid chromatography
- mass spectrometry
- molecularly imprinted
- liquid chromatography
- heavy metals
- tandem mass spectrometry
- health risk assessment
- health risk
- simultaneous determination
- gas chromatography mass spectrometry
- gas chromatography
- high resolution
- human health
- risk assessment
- ms ms
- capillary electrophoresis
- multiple sclerosis
- young adults
- drinking water
- health insurance
- fluorescent probe
- aqueous solution
- climate change