Chemical Method to Sequence 5-Formylcytosine on RNA.

Epitranscriptomic RNA modifications can regulate biological processes, but there remains a major gap in our ability to identify and measure individual modifications at nucleotide resolution. Here we present Mal-Seq, a chemical method for sequencing 5-formylcytosine (f 5 C) modifications on RNA based on the selective and efficient malononitrile-mediated labeling of f 5 C residues to generate adducts that are read as C-to-T mutations upon reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification. We apply Mal-Seq to characterize the prevalence of f 5 C at the wobble position of mt-tRNA(Met) in different organisms and tissue types and find that high-level f 5 C modification is present in mammals but lacking in lower eukaryotes. Our work sheds light on mitochondrial tRNA modifications throughout eukaryotic evolution and provides a general platform for characterizing the f 5 C epitranscriptome.