Emerging sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor therapies for managing heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Although no randomised controlled trial has specifically studied the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with HF and CKD, evidence from existing trials are largely sufficient to demonstrate that SGLT2 inhibitors are efficacious in these patients, in whom these agents should be initiated early to maximally slow declines in renal function. Further studies should focus on better guiding the timing of initiating SGLT2 inhibitors, improving these agents' cost-effectiveness, and bettering equity of access to these agents. Further areas of study may include the prognostic implications of SGLT2 inhibitors-induced changes in biomarker levels (e.g. natriuretic peptides), and the potentials of SGLT1 inhibition.