Influence of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on the temporal variation of pneumococcal carriage and the nasal microbiota in healthy infants: a longitudinal analysis of a case-control study.

We hypothesize that the higher diversity and stability of the upper airway microbiota in the PCV13 era is the result of the lower pneumococcal carriage rate. This seems to indicate that the nasal bacterial microbiota of infants has changed in recent years as compared to the beginning of this study.