Synthesis of alkyl polyglycosides using SO 3 H-functionalized ionic liquids as catalysts.

An effective process for synthesis of alkyl polyglycosides (APG) was developed using SO 3 H-functionalized ionic liquids (SFILs) as catalysts. Four SFILs, [PSmim][HSO 4 ], [PSmim][ p TSA], [PSPy][HSO 4 ] and [PSPy][ p TSA], were designed and synthesized for APG synthesis. The results indicated that [PSmim][HSO 4 ] shows the best catalytic performance among these four SFILs, which has a great agreement with the order of their acidities. When the [PSmim][HSO 4 ] was used as catalyst, the reaction time could be decreased from 24 h to 8 h, and molar ration of n -octanol to glucose could be decreased from 5 : 1 to 3 : 1 under the optimization reaction conditions. In addition, the [PSmim][HSO 4 ] could be easily regenerated and recycled at least 5 times with slight decrease in catalytic activity. Moreover, the catalytic mechanism of [PSmim][HSO 4 ] was further investigated by molecular simulation. The high catalytic activity of [PSmim][HSO 4 ] is attributed to hydrogen bonds between [PSmim][HSO 4 ] and glucose and n -octanol, which could accelerate the protonation of glucose and removal of hydrogen ions from the hydroxyl in n -octanol.