Emerging imaging and liquid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis.

The advent of highly-effective disease modifying therapy has transformed the landscape of multiple sclerosis (MS) care over the last two decades. However, there remains a critical, unmet need for sensitive and specific biomarkers to aid in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment monitoring, and the development of new interventions, particularly for people with progressive disease. This review evaluates the current data for several emerging imaging and liquid biomarkers in people with MS. MRI findings such as the central vein sign and paramagnetic rim lesions may improve MS diagnostic accuracy and evaluation of therapy efficacy in progressive disease. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of several neuroglial proteins such as neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) show potential to be sensitive biomarkers of pathologic processes such as neuro-axonal injury or glial-inflammation. Additional promising biomarkers including optical coherence tomography, cytokines and chemokines, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicles/exosomes are also reviewed, among others. Beyond their potential integration into MS clinical care and interventional trials, several of these biomarkers may be informative of MS pathogenesis and help elucidate novel targets for treatment strategies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.