Generalized measurement error: Intrinsic and incidental measurement error.

In this paper, we generalize the notion of measurement error on deterministic sample datasets to accommodate sample data that are random-variable-valued. This leads to the formulation of two distinct kinds of measurement error: intrinsic measurement error, and incidental measurement error. Incidental measurement error will be recognized as the traditional kind that arises from a set of deterministic sample measurements, and upon which the traditional measurement error modelling literature is based, while intrinsic measurement error reflects some subjective quality of either the measurement tool or the measurand itself. We define calibrating conditions that generalize common and classical types of measurement error models to this broader measurement domain, and explain how the notion of generalized Berkson error in particular mathematicizes what it means to be an expert assessor or rater for a measurement process. We then explore how classical point estimation, inference, and likelihood theory can be generalized to accommodate sample data composed of generic random-variable-valued measurements.