Laboratory selection, resistance risk assessment, multi-resistance, and management of Tetranychus urticae Koch to bifenthrin, bifenazate and cyflumetofen on cowpea.

These results demonstrated the T. urticae developed higher resistance risk to bifenthrin compared to bifenazate and cyflumetofen and no obvious multi-resistance among these three acaricides, providing guidance for designing appropriate strategies for the effective application of bifenthrin, bifenazate and cyflumetofen in the field and delaying the development of insecticide resistance. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.