Continuing Challenges in the Definitive Diagnosis of Cushing's Disease: A Structured Review Focusing on Molecular Imaging and a Proposal for Diagnostic Work-Up.

The definitive diagnosis of Cushing's disease (CD) in the presence of pituitary microadenoma remains a continuous challenge. Novel available pituitary imaging techniques are emerging. This study aimed to provide a structured analysis of the diagnostic accuracy as well as the clinical use of molecular imaging in patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome (CS). We also discuss the role of multidisciplinary counseling in decision making. Additionally, we propose a complementary diagnostic algorithm for both de novo and recurrent or persistent CD. A structured literature search was conducted and two illustrative CD cases discussed at our Pituitary Center are presented. A total of 14 CD ( n = 201) and 30 ectopic CS ( n = 301) articles were included. MRI was negative or inconclusive in a quarter of CD patients. 11 C-Met showed higher pituitary adenoma detection than 18 F-FDG PET-CT (87% versus 49%). Up to 100% detection rates were found for 18 F-FET, 68 Ga-DOTA-TATE, and 68 Ga-DOTA-CRH, but were based on single studies. The use of molecular imaging modalities in the detection of pituitary microadenoma in ACTH-dependent CS is of added and complementary value, serving as one of the available tools in the diagnostic work-up. In selected CD cases, it seems justified to even refrain from IPSS.