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Clinical evolution, genetic landscape and trajectories of clonal hematopoiesis in SAMD9/SAMD9L syndromes.

Sushree S SahooVictor B PastorCharnise GoodingsRebecca K VossEmilia J KozyraAmina SzvetnikPeter NoellkeMichael DworzakJan StarýFranco LocatelliRiccardo MasettiMarkus SchmuggeBarbara De MoerlooseAlbert CatalaKrisztián KállayDominik TurkiewiczHenrik HasleJochen BuechnerKirsi JahnukainenMarek UssowiczSophia PolychronopoulouOwen P SmithOksana FabriShlomit BarzilaiValerie de HaasIrith BaumannStephan Schwarz-Furlannull nullMarena R NiewischMartin G SauerBirgit BurkhardtPeter LangPeter BaderRita BeierIngo MüllerMichael H AlbertRoland MeiselAnsgar S SchulzGunnar CarioPritam Kumar PandaJulius WehrleShinsuke HirabayashiMarta DereckaRobert Durruthy-DurruthyGudrun GöhringAyami Yoshimi-NoellkeManching KuDirk LebrechtMiriam ErlacherChristian FlothoBrigitte StrahmCharlotte M NiemeyerMarcin W Wlodarski
Published in: Nature medicine (2021)
Germline SAMD9 and SAMD9L mutations (SAMD9/9Lmut) predispose to myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with propensity for somatic rescue. In this study, we investigated a clinically annotated pediatric MDS cohort (n = 669) to define the prevalence, genetic landscape, phenotype, therapy outcome and clonal architecture of SAMD9/9L syndromes. In consecutively diagnosed MDS, germline SAMD9/9Lmut accounted for 8% and were mutually exclusive with GATA2 mutations present in 7% of the cohort. Among SAMD9/9Lmut cases, refractory cytopenia was the most prevalent MDS subtype (90%); acquired monosomy 7 was present in 38%; constitutional abnormalities were noted in 57%; and immune dysfunction was present in 28%. The clinical outcome was independent of germline mutations. In total, 67 patients had 58 distinct germline SAMD9/9Lmut clustering to protein middle regions. Despite inconclusive in silico prediction, 94% of SAMD9/9Lmut suppressed HEK293 cell growth, and mutations expressed in CD34+ cells induced overt cell death. Furthermore, we found that 61% of SAMD9/9Lmut patients underwent somatic genetic rescue (SGR) resulting in clonal hematopoiesis, of which 95% was maladaptive (monosomy 7 ± cancer mutations), and 51% had adaptive nature (revertant UPD7q, somatic SAMD9/9Lmut). Finally, bone marrow single-cell DNA sequencing revealed multiple competing SGR events in individual patients. Our findings demonstrate that SGR is common in SAMD9/9Lmut MDS and exemplify the exceptional plasticity of hematopoiesis in children.
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