Development of Broad-Range Microbial Minimal Culture Medium for Lanthanide Studies.

Rare Earth Elements (REE), also known as Lanthanides (Ln 3+ ), are a group of 17 elements showing peculiar physical and chemical properties. Unlike technological applications, very little is known about the physiological role and toxicity of Ln 3+ on biological systems, in particular on microorganisms (e.g., bacteria), which represent the most abundant domains on our planet. Up to now, very limited studies have been conducted due to Ln 3+ precipitation with some anions commonly present in the culture media. Therefore, the development of a minimal medium is essential to allow the study of Ln 3+ -microbial interactions, limiting considerably the precipitation of insoluble salts. In this regard, a new minimal culture medium capable of solubilizing large amounts of Ln 3+ and allowing the growth of different microbial taxa was successfully developed. Assays have shown that the medium is capable of solubilizing Ln 3+ up to 100 times more than other common culture media and allowing the growth of 63 bacteria and 5 fungi. The kinetic growth of one yeast and one Gram-positive bacterium has been defined, proving to support superior growth and biomass compared to other commonly used minimal media. Moreover, the sensitivity and uptake/absorption of a Bacillus stratosphericus strain were tested, highlighting its capability to tolerate concentrations up to 10 mM of either Cerium, Gadolinium or Lanthanum and accumulate different quantities of the three.