Pre- and Post-Procedural Cardiac Imaging (CT and MRI) in Electrophysiology: A Clinical Consensus Statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) of the ESC.

Imaging using cardiac computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MR) has become an important option for anatomic and substrate delineation in complex atrial and ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation procedures. CT more common than MR has been used to detect procedure-associated complications like esophageal, cerebral and vascular injury. This clinical consensus statement summarizes the current knowledge of CT and MR to facilitate electrophysiological procedures, the current value of real-time integration of imaging-derived anatomy and substrate information during the procedure and the current role of CT and MR in diagnosing relevant procedure-related complications. Practical advice on potential advantages of one imaging modality over the other is discussed for patients with implanted cardiac rhythm devices as well as for planning, intraprocedural integration and post-interventional management in atrial fibrillation (AF) and VT ablation patients. Establishing a team of electrophysiologists and cardiac-imaging specialists working on specific details of imaging for complex ablation procedures is key. CMR can safely be performed in most patients with implanted active cardiac devices. Standard procedures for pre- and post-scanning management of the device and potential CMR-associated device-malfunctions need to be in place. In VT patients imaging - specifically MR - may help to determine scar location and mural distribution in ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy patients beyond evaluating the underlying structural heart disease. Future directions in imaging may include the ability to register multiple imaging modalities, novel high-resolution modalities but also refinements of imaging-guided ablation strategies are expected.