Maternal High-Fat Diet Results in Long-Term Sex-Specific Alterations to Metabolic and Gut Microbial Diurnal Oscillations in Adult Offspring.

The present study identifies the critical role of gut microbiota diurnal rhythms in triggering sex-biased metabolic diurnal rhythms in response to maternal HFD, at least in part. As early life may be a critical window for preventing metabolic diseases, these findings provide the basis for developing chronobiology applications targeting the gut microbiota to combat early metabolic alterations, especially in males.