1 H NMR fecal metabolic phenotyping of periductal fibrosis- and cholangiocarcinoma-specific metabotypes defining perturbation in gut microbial-host co-metabolism.

The PDF- and CCA-associated metabotypes have been investigated displaying their distinct fecal metabolic patterns compared to that of normal bile duct group. Our study also demonstrated that the perturbation in co-metabolism of host and gut bacteria has been involved from the early step since OV infection to CCA tumorigenesis.