Regulation of gene editing using T-DNA concatenation.

Transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the predominant method used to introduce exogenous DNA into plant genomes 1,2 . Transfer DNA (T-DNA) originating from Agrobacterium can be integrated as a single copy or in complex concatenated forms 3,4 , but the mechanisms affecting final T-DNA structure remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that inclusion of retrotransposon (RT)-derived sequences in T-DNA can increase T-DNA copy number by more than 50-fold in Arabidopsis thaliana. These additional T-DNA copies are organized into large concatemers, an effect primarily induced by the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of RTs that can be replicated using non-LTR DNA repeats. We found that T-DNA concatenation is dependent on the activity of the DNA repair proteins MRE11, RAD17 and ATR. Finally, we show that T-DNA concatenation can be used to increase the frequency of targeted mutagenesis and gene targeting. Overall, this work uncovers molecular determinants that modulate T-DNA copy number in Arabidopsis and demonstrates the utility of inducing T-DNA concatenation for plant gene editing.