Hybrid Peptide-Alkoxyamine Drugs: A Strategy for the Development of a New Family of Antiplasmodial Drugs.

The emergence and spread of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites shed a serious concern on the worldwide control of malaria, the most important tropical disease in terms of mortality and morbidity. This situation has led us to consider the use of peptide-alkoxyamine derivatives as new antiplasmodial prodrugs that could potentially be efficient in the fight against resistant malaria parasites. Indeed, the peptide tag of the prodrug has been designed to be hydrolysed by parasite digestive proteases to afford highly labile alkoxyamines drugs, which spontaneously and instantaneously homolyse into two free radicals, one of which is expected to be active against P. falciparum . Since the parasite enzymes should trigger the production of the active drug in the parasite's food vacuoles, our approach is summarized as "to dig its grave with its fork". However, despite promising sub-micromolar IC 50 values in the classical chemosensitivity assay, more in-depth tests evidenced that the anti-parasite activity of these compounds could be due to their cytostatic activity rather than a truly anti-parasitic profile, demonstrating that the antiplasmodial activity cannot be based only on measuring antiproliferative activity. It is therefore imperative to distinguish, with appropriate tests, a genuinely parasiticidal activity from a cytostatic activity.