Beyond the ordinary: TNF-alpha inhibitor as a rescue therapy in relapsing Hughes-Stovin syndrome with intracardiac thrombosis-a case report and literature review.

We report the challenging case of an HSS patient presenting with multiple PAA, proximal PAT, right ICT, and extended abdominal DVT. The positive response of our patient to infliximab, following a relapse under conventional immunosuppressants, supports the efficacy of TNF-alpha inhibitors as second-line treatment in relapsing/refractory HSS.