Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder is associated with allergic symptoms and low levels of hemoglobin and serotonin.
Liang-Jen WangYa-Hui YuMing-Ling FuWen-Ting YehJung-Lung HsuYao-Hsu YangWei J ChenBor-Luen ChiangWen-Harn PanPublished in: Scientific reports (2018)
This study investigated whether common comorbidities or biochemical factors, such as allergic disease, anemia, inflammation, and neurotransmitters, are singly or additively associated with an increased risk of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We recruited 216 children diagnosed with ADHD and 216 age-, sex-, height-, weight-, and class-matched controls from 31 elementary schools in Taipei, Taiwan. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire was used to measure allergic symptoms. Fasting venous blood was collected and analyzed for complete blood count, white blood cell differential count, immunoglobulin (Ig) E level, and serotonin (5-HT) level. The results showed that symptoms of both rhinitis (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.42-3.05) and eczema (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.02-2.88) were significantly associated with increased risk of ADHD. Children with ADHD showed considerably lower levels of hemoglobin (p = 0.001) and 5-HT (p < 0.001) and higher IgE level (p < 0.001) and eosinophil count (p = 0.001) than did control children. ADHD risk increased with the number of aforementioned biochemical risk factors present (one factor: OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 0.87-4.18; two factors: OR = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.29-6.48; three factors: OR = 4.47, 95% CI = 1.97-10.13; four factors: OR = 6.53, 95% CI = 2.43-17.57). Findings suggest that either ADHD's etiology is multidimensional or the aforementioned conditions have shared etiology with ADHD.
Keyphrases
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- autism spectrum disorder
- working memory
- risk factors
- young adults
- body mass index
- allergic rhinitis
- oxidative stress
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- type diabetes
- depressive symptoms
- weight loss
- peripheral blood
- insulin resistance
- atopic dermatitis
- sleep quality
- mass spectrometry
- adipose tissue
- single cell
- skeletal muscle
- bone marrow
- red blood cell
- cystic fibrosis
- glycemic control
- high speed
- early life
- atomic force microscopy
- iron deficiency