Insights into the Mitochondrial Genetic Makeup and Miocene Colonization of Primitive Flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes: Psettodidae) in the East Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific Ocean.

The mitogenomic evolution of the Psettodes flatfishes is still poorly known from their range distribution in eastern Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific Oceans. The study delves into the matrilineal evolutionary pathway of these primitive flatfishes, with a specific focus on the complete mitogenome of the Psettodes belcheri species, as determined through next-generation sequencing. The mitogenome in question spans a length of 16,747 base pairs and comprises a total of 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. Notably, the mitogenome of P. belcheri exhibits a bias towards AT base pairs, with a composition of 54.15%, mirroring a similar bias observed in its close relative, Psettodes erumei , which showcases percentages of 53.07% and 53.61%. Most of the protein-coding genes commence with an ATG initiation codon, except for Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), which initiates with a GTG codon. Additionally, four protein-coding genes commence with a TAA termination codon, while seven others exhibit incomplete termination codons. Furthermore, two protein-coding genes, namely NAD1 and NAD6, terminate with AGG and TAG stop codons, respectively. In the mitogenome of P. belcheri , the majority of transfer RNAs demonstrate the classical cloverleaf secondary structures, except for tRNA-serine, which lacks a DHU stem. Comparative analysis of conserved blocks within the control regions of two Psettodidae species unveiled that the CSB-II block extended to a length of 51 base pairs, surpassing the other blocks and encompassing highly variable sites. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial genomes (13 concatenated PCGs) categorized various Pleuronectiformes species, highlighting the basal position of the Psettodidae family and showed monophyletic clustering of Psettodes species. The approximate divergence time (35-10 MYA) between P. belcheri and P. erumei was estimated, providing insights into their separation and colonization during the early Miocene. The TimeTree analysis also estimated the divergence of two suborders, Psettodoidei and Pleuronectoidei, during the late Paleocene to early Eocene (56.87 MYA). The distribution patterns of Psettodes flatfishes were influenced by ocean currents and environmental conditions, contributing to their ecological speciation. In the face of climate change and anthropogenic activities, the conservation implications of Psettodes flatfishes are emphasized, underscoring the need for regulated harvesting and adaptive management strategies to ensure their survival in changing marine ecosystems. Overall, this study contributes to understanding the evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and conservation needs of Psettodes flatfishes globally. However, the multifaceted exploration of mitogenome and larger-scale genomic data of Psettodes flatfish will provide invaluable insights into their genetic characterization, evolutionary history, environmental adaptation, and conservation in the eastern Atlantic and Indo-West Pacific Oceans.