Endovascular embolization of canine hepatic arteriovenous malformations using precipitating hydrophobic injectable liquid (PHIL) liquid embolic agent: a proof of concept study.

The 'pressure cooker' technique is a safe and efficacious approach to the treatment of canine HAVMs. The novel use of PHIL and the Scepter XC balloon catheter has several advantages over conventional endovascular approaches. Translational application to human paediatric interventions for similar conditions where embolic and contrast agent volume constraints are similar can be considered.