Epitope mapping of neutralising anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies: Implications for immunotherapy and vaccine design.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This disease has currently affected more than 346 million people and resulted in more than 5.5 million deaths in many countries. Neutralising monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the SARS-CoV-2 virus could serve as prophylactic/therapeutic agents in COVID-19 infection by providing passive protection against the virus in individuals. Until now, no Food and Drug Administration/European Medicines Agency-approved neutralising MAb against SARS-CoV-2 virus exists in the market, though a number of MAbs have been authorised for emergency use. Therefore, there is an urgent need for development of efficient anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralising MAbs for use in the clinic. Moreover, neutralising anti-SARS-CoV-2 MAbs could be used as beneficial tools for designing epitope-based vaccines against the virus. Given that the target epitope of a MAb is a crucial feature influencing its neutralising potency, target epitopes of neutralising anti-SARS-CoV-2 MAbs already reported in the literature and reactivity of these MAbs with SARS-CoV-2 variants are reviewed herein.