Clinical and Microbial Determinants of Upper Respiratory Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Native Microbiota in People with HIV-1 and Control Adults.

Despite widespread conjugate vaccine and antiretroviral use, frequencies of Spn colonization among PWH and controls are currently consistent with those reported in the pre-conjugate era. The persistently increased risk of pneumococcal disease despite ART may relate to behavioral and immunologic variables other than colonization.