Near-Infrared Phosphorescent Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskite with High-Contrast Dielectric and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Switching Functionalities.

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites providing integrated functionalities for multimodal switching applications are widely sought-after materials for optoelectronics. Here, we embark on a study of a novel pyrrolidinium-based cyanide perovskite of formula (C 4 H 10 N) 2 KCr(CN) 6 , which displays thermally driven bimodal switching characteristics associated with an order-disorder phase transition. Dielectric switching combines two features important from an application standpoint: high permittivity contrast (Δε' = 38.5) and very low dielectric losses. Third-order nonlinear optical switching takes advantage of third-harmonic generation (THG) bistability, thus far unprecedented for perovskites and coordination polymers. Structurally, (C 4 H 10 N) 2 KCr(CN) 6 stands out as the first example of a three-dimensional stable perovskite among formate-, azide-, and cyanide-based metal-organic frameworks comprising large pyrrolidinium cations. Its stability, reflected also in robust switching characteristics, has been tracked down to the Cr 3+ component, the ionic radius of which provides a large enough metal-cyanide cage for the pyrrolidinium cargo. While the presence of polar pyrrolidinium cations leads to excellent switchable dielectric properties, the presence of Cr 3+ is also responsible for efficient phosphorescence, which is remarkably shifted to the near-infrared region (770 to 880 nm). The presence of Cr 3+ was also found indispensable to the THG switching functionality. It is also found that a closely related cobalt-based analogue doped with Cr 3+ ions displays distinct near-infrared phosphorescence as well. Thus, doping with Cr 3+ ions is an effective strategy to introduce phosphorescence as an additional functional property into the family of cobalt-cyanide thermally switchable dielectrics.