Gut-Kidney-Heart: A Novel Trilogy.
Mario CaldarelliLaura FranzaPierluigi RioAntonio GasbarriniGiovanni GambassiRossella CianciPublished in: Biomedicines (2023)
The microbiota represents a key factor in determining health and disease. Its role in inflammation and immunological disorders is well known, but it is also involved in several complex conditions, ranging from neurological to psychiatric, from gastrointestinal to cardiovascular diseases. It has recently been hypothesized that the gut microbiota may act as an intermediary in the close interaction between kidneys and the cardiovascular system, leading to the conceptualization of the "gut-kidney-heart" axis. In this narrative review, we will discuss the impact of the gut microbiota on each system while also reviewing the available data regarding the axis itself. We will also describe the role of gut metabolites in this complex interplay, as well as potential therapeutical perspectives.
Keyphrases
- mental health
- cardiovascular disease
- heart failure
- healthcare
- oxidative stress
- public health
- atrial fibrillation
- human health
- type diabetes
- electronic health record
- health information
- risk assessment
- metabolic syndrome
- coronary artery disease
- climate change
- data analysis
- deep learning
- health promotion
- artificial intelligence
- cardiovascular events