Long-term clinical spectrum and circulating RAS evaluation of anephric patients undergoing hemodialysis: A report of four cases and literature review.

The four anephric individuals did not suffer life-threatening complications while their hypotension gradually subsided and their EPO dosage was relatively low. Although their PRA level was extremely low, they produced normal levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in plasma, which indicates the kidney-independent mechanism of angiotensin II production likely compensated in the long term.