Assessing the equivalence of WRRF regulations using dynamic model simulations.

A wide diversity of regulatory practices for wastewater resource recovery plants exists throughout the world. This contribution aims to highlight the implications of choosing particular permitting structures and investigate the equivalence of effluent standards in terms of limit values and compliance assessment specifications. These factors heavily affect the true performance that a treatment plant has to attain and thus the required plant capacity and operation. The dynamic simulations executed in this work, based on a realistic case study and three selected permits from China, The Netherlands and the USA, show the impact of certain compliance specifications like sampling frequency, averaging and tolerable permit exceedances leading to differences in the required design capacity of more than 250% for the same wastewater to be treated. The results also reveal clear differences between permits in their capacity to handle excess variability. The latter is important to avoid overdesign, i.e., when further investment in treatment capacity would result only in marginal effluent quality gains, as well as to create a safe space for testing innovative technologies or ways of operation that might otherwise trigger compliance issues.