Entropy-increased LiMn 2 O 4 -based positive electrodes for fast-charging lithium metal batteries.

Fast-charging, non-aqueous lithium-based batteries are desired for practical applications. In this regard, LiMn 2 O 4 is considered an appealing positive electrode active material because of its favourable ionic diffusivity due to the presence of three-dimensional Li-ion diffusion channels. However, LiMn 2 O 4 exhibits inadequate rate capabilities and rapid structural degradation at high currents. To circumvent these issues, here we introduce quintuple low-valence cations to increase the entropy of LiMn 2 O 4 . As a result, the entropy-increased LiMn 2 O 4 -based material, i.e., LiMn 1.9 Cu 0.02 Mg 0.02 Fe 0.02 Zn 0.02 Ni 0.02 O 4 , when tested in non-aqueous lithium metal coin cell configuration, enable 1000 cell cycles at 1.48 A g -1 (corresponding to a cell charging time of 4 minutes) and 25°C with a discharge capacity retention of about 80%. We demonstrate that the increased entropy in LiMn 2 O 4 leads to an increase in the disordering of dopant cations and a contracted local structure, where the enlarged LiO 4 space and enhanced Mn-O covalency improve the Li-ion transport and stabilize the diffusion channels. We also prove that stress caused by cycling at a high cell state of charge is relieved through elastic deformation via a solid-solution transition, thus avoiding structural degradation upon prolonged cycling.