Candidiasis by Candida glabrata , Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis in Galleria mellonella : Virulence and Therapeutic Responses to Echinocandins.

Candida albicans is the major etiological agent of invasive candidiasis but the increasing prevalence of emerging species of Candida , such as Candida glabrata and phylogenetically closely related species, Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis , requires special attention. Differences in virulence among these species and their therapeutic responses using in vivo non-mammalian models are scarcely analysed. The aim of this study was analyse the survival of G. mellonella and host-pathogen interactions during infection by C. glabrata , C. nivariensis and C. bracarensis . Moreover, therapeutic responses to echinocandins were also assessed in the G. mellonella model of candidiasis. These three species produced lethal infection in G. mellonella ; C. glabrata was the most virulent species and C. bracarensis the less. Haemocytes of G. mellonella phagocytised C. bracarensis cells more effectively than those of the other two species. Treatment with caspofungin and micafungin was most effective to protect larvae during C. glabrata and C. nivariensis infections while anidulafungin was during C. bracarensis infection. The model of candidiasis in G. mellonella is simple and appropriate to assess the virulence and therapeutic response of these emerging Candida species. Moreover, it successfully allows for detecting differences in the immune system of the host depending on the virulence of pathogens.