Fluorescein staining of chloroplast starch granules in living plants.

Chloroplast starch granules (cpSGs) store energy harvested through photosynthesis in plants, and cpSG dynamics have important roles in plant energy metabolism and stress responses. To date, cpSGs have been visualized using several methods, such as iodine staining; however, no method can be used to specifically visualize cpSGs in living cells from various plant species. Here, we report a simple method to visualize cpSGs in living plant cells in various species by staining with fluorescein, a commonly used fluorescent dye. We show that fluorescein is taken up into chloroplasts and interacts with cpSGs similarly to iodine. Fluorescein also interacts with refined starch in vitro. Using a fluorescein derivative for ultra-bright cpSG imaging, we produced high-quality three-dimensional reconstructions of cpSGs and evaluated their accumulation in multiple plant species. As fluorescein is well-known and readily purchasable, our fluorescein-based staining method should contribute to all research regarding starch.