Association of delayed initiation of non-invasive respiratory support with pulmonary air leakage in outborn late-preterm and term neonates.

• Male sex, high oxygen requirement (FiO2 >0.3), high initial CO2 level, and respiratory distress syndrome significantly correlated with adverse outcomes. • Outborn late-preterm and term neonates with high oxygen requirement who were treated with delayed non-invasive respiratory support indicated an increased likelihood of pulmonary air leakage.