Immunosuppressive Signaling Pathways as Targeted Cancer Therapies.
Botle Precious SetlaiRodney HullMeshack BidaChrisna DurandtThanyani Victor MulaudziAristotelis ChatziioannouZodwa DlaminiPublished in: Biomedicines (2022)
Immune response has been shown to play an important role in defining patient prognosis and response to cancer treatment. Tumor-induced immunosuppression encouraged the recent development of new chemotherapeutic agents that assists in the augmentation of immune responses. Molecular mechanisms that tumors use to evade immunosurveillance are attributed to their ability to alter antigen processing/presentation pathways and the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells take advantage of normal molecular and immunoregulatory machinery to survive and thrive. Cancer cells constantly adjust their genetic makeup using several mechanisms such as nucleotide excision repair as well as microsatellite and chromosomal instability, thus giving rise to new variants with reduced immunogenicity and the ability to continue to grow without restrictions. This review will focus on the central molecular signaling pathways involved in immunosuppressive cells and briefly discuss how cancer cells evade immunosurveillance by manipulating antigen processing cells and related proteins. Secondly, the review will discuss how these pathways can be utilized for the implementation of precision medicine and deciphering drug resistance.
Keyphrases
- immune response
- induced apoptosis
- signaling pathway
- cell cycle arrest
- copy number
- pi k akt
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- healthcare
- oxidative stress
- case report
- dendritic cells
- primary care
- squamous cell carcinoma
- papillary thyroid
- cell death
- drug delivery
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- inflammatory response
- single molecule
- diabetic rats
- cancer therapy
- dna methylation
- cell proliferation
- young adults
- squamous cell
- lymph node metastasis