A Review of Doses for Dental Imaging in 2010-2020 and Development of a Web Dose Calculator.

Dental imaging is one of the most common types of diagnostic radiological procedures in modern medicine. We introduce a comprehensive table of organ doses received by patients in dental imaging procedures extracted from literature and a new web application to visualize the summarized dose information. We analyzed articles, published after 2010, from PubMed on organ and effective doses delivered by dental imaging procedures, including intraoral radiography, panoramic radiography, and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and summarized doses by dosimetry method, machine model, patient age, and technical parameters. Mean effective doses delivered by intraoral, 1.32 (0.60-2.56) μ Sv, and panoramic, 17.93 (3.47-75.00) μ Sv, procedures were found to be about1% and 15% of that delivered by CBCT, 121.09 (17.10-392.20) μ Sv, respectively. In CBCT imaging, child phantoms received about 29% more effective dose than the adult phantoms received. The effective dose of a large field of view (FOV) (>150 cm 2 ) was about 1.6 times greater than that of a small FOV (<50 cm 2 ). The maximum CBCT effective dose with a large FOV for children, 392.2  μ Sv, was about 13% of theeffective dose that a person receives on average every year from natural radiation, 3110  μ Sv. Monte Carlo simulations of representative cases of the three dental imaging procedures were then conducted to estimate and visualize the dose distribution within the head. The user-friendly interactive web application (available at http://dentaldose.org) receives user input, such as the number of intraoral radiographs taken, and displays total organ and effective doses, dose distribution maps, and a comparison with other medical and natural sources of radiation. The web dose calculator provides a practical resource for patients interested in understanding the radiation doses delivered by dental imaging procedures.