Precision Medicine in Parkinson's Disease using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is one of the most devastating neurological diseases, however there is no effective cure yet. The availability of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides unprecedented opportunities to understand the pathogenic mechanism and identification of new therapy for PD. In this review, we will introduce new model system of PD, including two-dimensional (2D) human iPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, 3D iPSC-derived midbrain organoids (MOs) with cellular complexity, and more advanced microphysiological systems (MPS) with three-dimensional (3D) organoids. We believe that successful integrations and applications of iPSC, organoid, and MPS technologies can bring new insight on PD's pathogenesis that will lead to more effective treatments for this debilitating disease. This article is protectd by copyright. All rights reserved.