Floral mechanisms promote pollination success and reduce the incidence of self-pollination in a fly-pollinated self-incompatible orchid.

Among flowering plants, self-incompatibility is considered the most efficient system for avoiding self-fertilization. However, many self-incompatible plants have also evolved floral mechanisms to reduce sexual conflict. In China, some studies of Bulbophyllum have been reported to be self-incompatible and no fruit sets. However, we have observed relatively high fruit sets in Bulbophyllum funingense . Therefore, we speculated that if B. funingense is also self-incompatible, and it might present a floral mechanism to avoid sexual conflict. Natural fruit sets, pollinia removal and deposition rates were determined and breeding system was tested in a hand-pollination experiment. The pollination process and visiting frequency of pollinators and their behavior after escape from access were observed and recorded. Floral traits associated with pollination and pollinator size were measured. B. funingense was completely self-incompatible, the fruit sets of cross-pollination in 2 years were all more than 70%, and the natural fruit sets for 2 years were 1.70 ± 4.31% and 6.63 ± 5.29%, respectively. B. funingense did not produce strong odor or nectar, but produced a kind of secretions from its labellum that attracted flies. Calliphora vicina (Calliphoridae) was its only effective pollinator. When C. vicina licked the secretions, they were stuck in the access for a long time. Thus, when they escaped from access, they almost always flew quickly away from the inflorescence removing pollinia most of the times. In B. funingense , a floral mechanism improves pollinia transfer efficiency, reduces pollinia waste, promotes pollination success, reduces the incidence of self-pollination, and avoids sexual conflict to a certain extent.