Adaptive regulation of stopover refueling during bird migration: insights from whole blood transcriptomics.

Migration is one of the most energy-demanding tasks in avian life cycle. Many birds might not have sufficient fuel stores to cover long-distances, so they must stop to rest and refuel at stopover sites, especially after the crossing of large ecological barriers. There, birds undergo several behavioral, morphological and physiological trait adjustments to recover from and prepare for their journey, however regulation of such processes at the molecular level remains largely unknown. In this study we used transcriptomic information from the whole blood of migrating Garden warblers (Sylvia borin) to identify key regulatory pathways related to adaptations for migration. Birds were temporarily caged during spring migration stopover and then sampled twice at different refuelling states (lean vs fat), reflecting different migratory stages (stopover arrival vs departure) after the crossing of an extended ecological barrier. Our results show that top expressed genes during migration are involved in important pathways regarding adaptations to migration at high altitudes such as increase of aerobic capacity and angiogenesis. Gene expression profiles largely reflected the two experimental conditions with several enzymes involved in different aspects of metabolic activity being differentially expressed between states providing several candidate genes for future functional studies. Additionally, we identified several hub genes, upregulated in lean birds that could be involved in the extraordinary phenotypic flexibility in organ mass displayed by avian migrants. Finally, our approach provides novel evidence that regulation of water homeostasis may represent a significant adaptive mechanism, allowing birds to conserve water during long-distance flight, mainly through protein catabolism.