No evidence for innate differences in tadpole behavior between natural, urbanized, and invasive populations.
Max MühlenhauptJames Baxter-GilbertBuyisile G MakhuboJulia L RileyG John MeaseyPublished in: Behavioral ecology and sociobiology (2022)
) represent heritable differences that can also be found in early life stages by rearing tadpoles from eggs in a common garden experiment. We did not find any differences in boldness among tadpoles from rural-native, urban-native, and urban-invasive origin populations. Our findings suggest that differences in boldness are not innate and/or that boldness is a behavioral trait that is decoupled between the tadpole and the adult stage.
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