Ureteral Stents Harbor Complex Biofilms With Rich Microbiome-Metabolite Interactions.

Ureteral stent biofilms exhibit patterns unique to stent-associated infection and antibiotic exposure during indwelling time. Microbes isolated from stents reconstituted biofilm formation in vitro. This work provides a platform to test novel materials, evaluate new coatings for anti-biofilm properties, and explore commensal strain use for bacterial interference against pathogens.