Ship Hull-Fouling Diatoms on Korean Research Vessels Revealed by Morphological and Molecular Methods, and Their Environmental Implications.

Ship biofouling is one of the main vectors for the introduction and global spread of non-indigenous organisms. Diatoms were the early colonizers of ship hulls; however, their community composition on ships is poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the diatom community on the hull samples collected from two Korean research vessels Isabu (IRV) and Onnuri (ORV) on September 2 and November 10, 2021, respectively. IRV showed low cell density (345 cells/cm 2 ) compared to ORV (778 cells/cm 2 ). We morphologically identified more than 15 species of diatoms from the two research vessels (RVs). The microalgae in both RVs were identified as Amphora, Cymbella, Caloneis, Halamphora, Navicula, Nitzschia, and Plagiogramma. Of them, the genus Halamphora was found to be predominant. However, both RVs had a varied dominant species with a significant difference in body size; Halamphora oceanica dominated at IRV, and Halamphora sp. at ORV, respectively. Molecular cloning showed similar results to morphological analysis, in which Halamphora species dominated in both RVs. The hull-attached species were distinct from species found in the water column. These results revealed diatoms communities that are associated with ship hull-fouling at an early stage of biofilm formation. Moreover, ships arriving from different regions could show some variation in species composition on their hull surfaces, with the potential for non-indigenous species introduction.