Nanoarchitectonics beyond Self-Assembly: Challenges to Create Bio-Like Hierarchic Organization.

Incorporation of non-equilibrium actions in the sequence of self-assembly processes would be an effective means to establish bio-like high functionality hierarchical assemblies. As a novel methodology beyond self-assembly, nanoarchitectonics, which has as its aim the fabrication of functional materials systems from nanoscopic units through the methodological fusion of nanotechnology with other scientific disciplines including organic synthesis, supramolecular chemistry, microfabrication, and bio-process, has been applied to this strategy. The application of non-equilibrium factors to conventional self-assembly processes is discussed on the basis of examples of directed assembly, Langmuir-Blodgett assembly, and layer-by-layer assembly. In particular, examples of the fabrication of hierarchical functional structures using bio-active components such as proteins or by the combination of bio-components and two-dimensional nanomaterials, are described. Methodologies described in this review article highlight possible approaches using the nanoarchitectonics concept beyond self-assembly for creation of bio-like higher functionalities and hierarchical structural organization.