Low-Temperature Potassium Batteries Enabled by Electric and Thermal Field Regulation.

Recharging batteries operate at sub-zero temperature is usually limited by the slow ion diffusion and uneven charge distribution at low temperature. Here, we report a strategy to regulate electric field and thermal field simultaneously, creating a fast and uniform deposition surroundings for potassium ion in potassium metal batteries (PMBs). This regulation is achieved by using a highly ordered 1D nanoarray electrode which provides a dense and flat surface for uniforming the electric field and high thermal conductivity for reducing the temperature fluctuation. Consequently, this electrode could achieve high-areal capacity of 10 mAh cm -2 . Besides, the dependence of potassium nucleation on temperature is unveiled. Furthermore, a full-cell could steady operate with over 80 % of its room-temperature capacity at -20 °C. Those respectable performances demonstrate that this strategy is valid, potentially providing guidelines for the rational design of advanced electrodes toward PMBs.