Quantification of pesticide residues in the topsoil of Belgian fruit orchards: terrestrial environmental risk assessment.

Spraying schedules are good predictors of environmental contamination. Monitoring of residues remains essential to determine the real residue concentration in the topsoil. SSDs proved valuable. It was inferred that in addition to the standard test with the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826), an arthropod test organism such as Folsomia candida (Willem, 1902) should be used in future risk assessments because it displays higher sensitivity towards insecticides.