IGF-1 and risk of morbidity and mortality from cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and all-causes in EPIC - Heidelberg.

This large population-based prospective study showed that both individuals with lowest and highest levels of circulating IGF-1 were at increased risk of deaths from cancer, cardiovascular and all-causes. For individuals with low IGF-1, the excess risks of death were more pronounced among individuals with liver cancer and cirrhosis but were also present among individuals without elevated liver enzymes.