Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Self-Expandable Metal Stent Placement for Malignant Duodenal Obstruction: The Papilla of Vater as a Landmark.

Self-expandable metal stents can effectively relieve symptoms of duodenal obstructions located above and below the papilla of Vater. Duodenoscopes could facilitate stent placement if the obstruction is located below the papilla of Vater; if gastrointestinal bleeding occurs postoperatively, the possibility of vascular-enteric fistula formation should be considered.