Molecular Communication of a Dying Neuron in Stroke.
Berta PuigSantra BrennaTim MagnusPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2018)
When a main artery of the brain occludes, a cellular response involving multiple cell types follows. Cells directly affected by the lack of glucose and oxygen in the neuronal core die by necrosis. In the periphery surrounding the ischemic core (the so-called penumbra) neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells react to detrimental factors such as excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation in different ways. The fate of the neurons in this area is multifactorial, and communication between all the players is important for survival. This review focuses on the latest research relating to synaptic loss and the release of apoptotic bodies and other extracellular vesicles for cellular communication in stroke. We also point out possible treatment options related to increasing neuronal survival and regeneration in the penumbra.
Keyphrases
- cerebral ischemia
- oxidative stress
- induced apoptosis
- endothelial cells
- atrial fibrillation
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- spinal cord
- stem cells
- cell death
- brain injury
- blood brain barrier
- cell cycle arrest
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- dna damage
- palliative care
- free survival
- inflammatory response
- cell therapy
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- blood glucose
- adipose tissue
- metabolic syndrome
- mesenchymal stem cells
- cell proliferation
- skeletal muscle
- prefrontal cortex
- spinal cord injury
- insulin resistance
- pi k akt
- drug induced