The role of the D3 dopamine receptor and its partial agonist cariprazine in patients with schizophrenia and substance use disorder.

Although the management of DD remains challenging, and the evidence for pharmacologic treatments is still unsatisfactory, cariprazine may be a candidate medication in DD due to its unique mechanism of action. Preliminary clinical experiences suggest that cariprazine has both antipsychotic and anticraving properties and should be considered early in patients with DD.