Different Cell and Tissue Behavior of Micro-/Nano-Tubes and Micro-/Nano-Nets Topographies on Selective Laser Melting Titanium to Enhance Osseointegration.

TNNs and TNTs have dual advantages in promotion of osteogenesis and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, TNNs showed better capability in inhibiting osteoclast activity while TNTs facilitated stronger osteogenesis. Our results implied that TNT substrates would take advantage in early application after implantation, while diseases with inappropriate osteoclast activity would prefer TNN substrates, which will guide a biologically based first-step selection on combined modification for different clinical purposes.