Diagnosis and Treatments of Limb Lymphedema: Review.

Lymphedema is caused by dysfunction of the lymphatic system. It is divided into primary edema with no apparent cause and secondary edema with an exogenous cause. The main symptoms are edema and heaviness, skin changes such as skin hardening, lymphocysts, lymphorrhoea, papillomas, and recurrent cellulitis. They are often irreversible and progressive, thus greatly reducing quality of life of the patients. Diagnosis is made by image examinations that can evaluate lymphatic flow and functions such as lymphoscintigraphy and indocyanine green fluorescence lymphangiography. Linear pattern and dermal backflow are the main findings. Conservative treatment consists of four components: compression therapy with elastic garments, exercise therapy, manual lymphatic drainage, and skin care, which is called complex physical therapy (CPT). Although CPT has become the gold standard of treatment, with evidence of efficacy reported in terms of volume reduction, maintenance, and prevention of cellulitis, it is a symptomatic treatment and does not improve impaired lymphatic flow. On the other hand, surgical treatment, such as lymphaticovenous anastomosis and vascularized lymph node transplantation, can create new lymphatic flow and improve lymphatic dysfunctions. Although these techniques are expected to be effective in volume reduction, cellulitis prevention, and improving quality of life, there is a need for more studies with a higher level of evidence in the future. In Japan, lymphedema is treated with a combination of conservative and surgical therapies, but lymphedema is intractable and few cases are completely cured. Therefore, how to improve the outcome of treatment is an important issue to be addressed in the future. (This is a translation of Jpn J Vasc Surg 2023; 32: 141-146.).